Interesting, though of course that phraseology originated from the Christian world of the Genesis text...

Earliest records are from Geoffrey Chaucers Parson's Tale, written in the 14th Century (now that is a hard book to read all the way through!!).  However, it is unlikely that the idea and concept was original, and more that it had been passed through the theological discussions of the day.

Later on, in the early 1800's there was an American negro sermon (recorded by J Cone) that included:

So God put Adam into a deep sleep
And took out a bone, ah ha!
And it is said that it was a rib.
Behold de rib!
A bone out of man's side.
He put de man to sleep and made wo-man,
And men and women been sleeping together ever since.
Behold de rib!
Brothers, if God
Had taken dat bone out of man's head
He would have meant for women to rule, hah!
If he had taken a bone out of his foot,
He would have meant for us to dominize and rule.
He could have made her out of back-bone
And then she would have been behind us.But, no, God Almighty, he took de bone out of his side
So dat places de woman beside us.
Hah! God knowed his own mind.
Behold de rib!

which is another variation.  Then, it is even in Christian books on marriage from the last 40years, and is often used in modern books as well. 

 But is has spread around the world from a rural English village over 600 years ago!