Even if you have a International License, you need to get a temporary license from Traffic Department.
When you are in Doha, get the application for temporary license and submit it to the Madinat Khalifa Traffic Department along with copy of your US license and passport pages showing your identity and visa page
You might need to get an NOC from the sponsor (Typed in Arabic) if you visit here under visa from some company or sponsor.
Best way is to ask the rental car company to assist you to get it.