The Political Invasion Of The Islamic World
"The Political Invasion Of The Islamic World
The real cause behind the invasion of Andalus (Spain) was the revenge which every Westerner yearned for ever since their humiliating defeat in the crusader wars. After the crushing blow they were dealt by the Muslims, and after they had been chased away from Muslim land, the Westerners carried a grudge against the Muslims, their hearts were filled with hatred and malice towards them. They would not dare repeat their venture in the East, for they knew that the Muslims would be able to repel any offensive there, they therefore thought that revenge would be easier to obtain in Andalus to the West. In time, Europe directed its onslaught to Andalus and savagely ripped it apart using guillotines and crematoriums on its inhabitants. It was more savage than the savage beasts, being one of the most shameful of many shameful acts carried out by the West; nevertheless they were encouraged by the slackness of the Muslims in supporting Andalus. The Muslims were strong enough at the time and in a position to assist that wilayah (province) militarily against its Western foes. However, the Muslims slackened and left Andalus an easy prey; this encouraged the West to think even further about revenge and had it not been for the might of the Muslims - especially the ‘Uthmani State - the raids would have come thick and fast on the rest of the Muslim lands. It was the sheer might of the Muslims and the conquest of large parts of Europe by the invading ‘Uthmanis which caused great fright among the Westerners and pressed them to think twice about embarking on any rash venture against the Muslims lest they get defeated in another bout of war like the style of the crusades. The Western invasion therefore had to be delayed until the second half of the eighteenth century, only then had stagnation hit the Islamic world. Thus, with the Muslims abandoning the conveyance of the Islamic message internationally and with the fervour of Islam having waned in their hearts and minds it was only then that their grandeur and might diminished in the eyes of their enemies. Following this the cultural and missionary invasions of the Islamic world intensified, this was accompanied by the political invasion aimed at dividing up the Muslim land bit by bit, tearing apart the Islamic world until finally it was destroyed. This was indeed accomplished and they achieved a most disastrous feat.
During the rule of Catherine (1762-1796) Russia fought the ‘Uthmanis and defeated them, in the process a large area was sliced off their land. The Russians took the city of Azov and the al-Qaram Peninsula (the Crimea), as well as the whole of the Northern coast of the Black sea. They founded the city of Sevastopol as a military base in the Peninsula and built the commercial port of Odessa on the Black Sea in the South of the Ukraine. Russia became a major concern for the foreign policy of the ‘Uthmani State by assuming sovereignty over the Roman emirates and considering herself the protector of Christianity within the ‘Uthmani State. In 1884, Russia sliced from the Islamic State the whole of Turkistan, and then completed its occupation of the whole of Qafqas. However, Russia was not the only state to challenge the ‘Uthmanis, the rest of the Western powers did so too. On the 1st July 1798, Napoleon attacked Egypt and quickly occupied her; in February 1799, he attacked the southern port of al-Sham and seized Gazza, al-Ramlah and Yafa; he stood near the fort of Akka (famous in the crusades as Acre), but his onslaught faltered and so he returned to Egypt, then to France and his venture finally failed in 1801. However, despite the fact that his campaign proved unsuccessful and abortive, it deeply affected the ‘Uthmani State and shook it violently. In its aftermath most of the countries of Europe queued up to attack the Islamic world and occupy parts of its land. The French occupied Algeria in 1830, and worked towards occupying Tunisia until they did so in 1881; they occupied Marrakesh in 1912. The Italians occupied Tripoli in 1911 and this marked the separation of North Africa, which was no longer under Islamic rule, from the ‘Uthmani State. It came to be ruled by the disbelievers and was directly colonised by them.
The Westerners did not stop there but continued to complete and consolidate their occupation of the remaining parts of the State. Britain occupied Aden in 1839 and expanded its mandate to include the Lahaj and the other nine Protectorates which spread from the Southern Yemeni border to the East of the Peninsula. The British had long before seized India, therefore stripping the Muslims from their authority over it in the process. They specifically concentrated their oppression on the Muslims - the Muslims had been the people in authority in India - the British thus seized that authority and colonised India; then they began a process aimed at weakening the Muslim stand in general. In 1882, Britain seized Egypt and in 1898 Sudan; Holland meanwhile occupied the East Indies; Afghanistan was put under Anglo-Russian pressure and so was Iran. The Western onslaught on the Islamic world intensified until it was felt that it was about to fall under Western hegemony altogether and that the crusaders’ campaign had been resumed and was achieving success after success. Steps were taken to resist this Western invasion and to minimise its heavy pressure. Resistance movements broke out in several places, a revolution erupted in Algeria, the Muslims of China rose up in arms, as did the Mahdyyun in Sudan; the Sanusyya revolution also erupted. This actually proved that there was still some kind of vitality left within the Islamic world despite its decline and weakness, however, all these attempts failed completely and they never did manage to salvage the Islamic world. The West, in addition to its military invasion, set about dividing the Islamic world culturally and politically, then it went on to slice off parts of the Islamic world and worked tenaciously towards destroying the ‘Uthmani State, for this was the Islamic State that represented the Muslims world-wide. With this purpose in mind the West established ethnic and nationalist groups; to begin with they incited the people of the Balkans to rebel, this took place back in 1804. Such rebellions as these were financed by the West and they eventually led in 1878 to the Balkans gaining their independence. The foreign powers also incited Greece to rebel in 1821 until this rebellion, thanks to their intervention, ended in Greece gaining its independence from the ‘Uthmani State in 1830. It was at this stage then that the Balkans followed suit, until the shadow of the ‘Uthmani State no longer engulfed Crete, Cyprus and most of the Mediterranean Islands which it had once governed over. Most of the inhabitants of these places were subsequently expelled from their homes and forced to flee due to the savagery of the disbelievers. They sought refuge in the Arab countries which were still Muslim land and remained part of the Islamic State; the Circassians, the Bushnaks, the Shashans and others are those heroes who refused to yield to the rule of the disbelievers and fled with their deen to the safety of the Islamic household and Islamic rule. The Westerners went even further and began - secretly - encouraging and supporting separatist movements among the Muslims themselves within the State, i.e. between Arabs and Turks. They backed the nationalist movements and helped to establish Turkish and Arab political parties such as the ‘Turkyya al-Fatat Party’, the ‘Union and Progress Party’, the ‘Arab Independence Party’, and the ‘Covenant (Al-A’hd) Party’ amongst others. This resulted in the State’s body being violently shaken from within and it began to crumble, coupled with the foreign invasions. The unbelieving forces, represented by the West, found it very promising to direct their onslaught against the Islamic world, seizing the rest of its land and destroying the Islamic State by wiping it out of existence; this was at the start of the First World War which the ‘Uthmani State was forced into and which ended in its defeat; the allies emerged as the victors and they divided the Islamic world between them as war booty. All that remained of the Islamic State was the Turkish land which became known as Turkey and which remained at the end of the war in 1918 at the mercy of the Western forces until 1921, when she in turn managed to gain her independence from them after giving the allies guarantees that she would abandon the Islamic system of government."
Why are you involving India? Is Niranj Indian? I didn't know that & I wasn't referring to India at all! I was just using any name of any given language. OK, let me rephrase my sentence:
Niranj, I don't understand Esperanto, can you speak to me in English?
"if they mind, then they don't matter. If they don't mind, they still don't matter"
Bentley,
please dont insult the urdu language....and anyways in India the majority speak hindi.
"hey you are, hope you and going strong"
"we are human and undertanding has to be there, if not we are religion"
WHAT THE HELL WAS THAT ABOUT???!!!
"if they mind, then they don't matter. If they don't mind, they still don't matter"
hey you are, hope you and going strong with the history which i read now. i feel we are human and undertanding has to be there, if not we are religion. We all believe in our faith but we also need to remember they exist bcos we made them exisit. else god is certainly the same for all of us
CIO
have u read this news
http://archive.gulfnews.com/region/Egypt/10146070.html
There are three sides to every argument: your side, my side and the right side
You know something? I wouldn't mind the history lessons, it's the blinkered way they are put that gets to me! Thus my cut&paste of Muslim conquests lol
The human race, particularly where religion is concerned, has been feuding since the year 'dot', however I read this last paragraph from a news item a couple of years ago when Islam was up in 'arms' about something the Pope quoted from a Byzantine Prince (or someone equally as archaic!).
"Both Christianity and Islam aspire to the divine and they share a theology that is contemptuous of mindless materialism and crass consumerism. Christianity and Islam have rarely sat easily together; but tolerance must not be deliberately destroyed by the intolerant".
he is refressing our memory n at the same time bumping his post counts..... what better way then to hijack a thread to do it
There are three sides to every argument: your side, my side and the right side
What do you want to achieve with these daily copy&paste history lessons?
"if they mind, then they don't matter. If they don't mind, they still don't matter"
Islam has had it's share of playing the conquering hero too you know!
Conquest of Persia: 633-651
Main article: Islamic conquest of Persia
Further information: Khalid ibn al-Walid
In the reign of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid ruler of the Persian Empire, a Muslim army secured the conquest of Persia after their decisive defeats of the Sassanid army at the Battle of Walaja in 633 and Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in 636, but the final military victory didn't come until 642 when the Persian army was destroyed at the Battle of Nihawānd. Then, in 651, Yazdgird III was murdered at Merv, ending the dynasty. His son Pirooz escaped through the Pamir Mountains in what is now Tajikistan and arrived in Tang China.
[edit] Conquest of Transoxiana: 662-709
Main articles: Islamic conquest of Afghanistan and Battle of Talas
Further information: Qutaibah bin Muslim and History of Arabs in Afghanistan
Following the First Fitna, the Umayyads resumed the push to capture Sassanid lands and began to move towards the conquest of lands east and north of the Iranian plateau towards Khorasan and the Silk route along Transoxiana. Following the collapse of the Sassanids, these regions had fallen under the sway of local Iranian and Turkic tribes as well as the Tang dynasty. By 709, however, all of Greater Khorasan and Sogdiana had come under Arab control. By 751, the Arabs had extended their influence further east to the borders of China, leading to the Battle of Talas.
[edit] Conquest of Sindh: 664-712
Main article: Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
Further information: Muhammad bin Qasim
During the period of early Rajput supremacy in north India, during the seventh, the first Muslim invasions were carried out simultaneously with the expansion towards Central Asia. In 664, forces led by Mohalib began launching raids from Persia, striking Multan in the southern Punjab in what is today Pakistan.
In 711, an expedition led by Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Sindh and established Umayyad rule by 712. Qasim subdued the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Kashmir, reaching the borders of Kashmir within three years. After his recall, however, the region devolved into the semi-independent Arab ruled states of Mansura and Multan.
[edit] Conquest of Hispania: 711-718
Main article: Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Further information: Tariq ibn-Ziyad
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula commenced when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Arabs) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia (modern Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Andorra) in the year 711. Under their Berber leader, Tariq ibn Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and worked their way northward. Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior, Musa ibn Nusair. During the eight-year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Islamic rule—save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. This territory, under the Arab name Al-Andalus, became first an Emirate and then an independent Umayyad Caliphate after the overthrowing of the dynasty in Damascus by the Abbasids. When the Caliphate dissolved in 1031, the territory split into small Taifas, and gradually the Christian kingdoms started the Reconquest up to 1492, when Granada, the last kingdom of Al-Ándalus fell under the Catholic Kings.
[edit] Conquest of the Caucasus: 711-750
Main article: Khazar-Arab Wars
[edit] End of the Umayyad conquests: 718-750
The success of the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire in dispelling the second Umayyad siege of Constantinople halted further conquests of Asia Minor in 718. After their success in overrunning the Iberian peninsula, the Umayyads had moved northeast over the Pyrenees where they were defeated 721 at the Battle of Toulouse and then at the Battle of Covadonga. A second invasion was stopped by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 and then at the Battle of the River Berre checking the Umayyad expansion at Narbonne. In 738, the Umayyad armies were defeated by the Indian Rajputs at the Battle of Rajasthan, checking the eastern expansion of the empire. In 740, the Berber Revolt weakened Umayyad ability to launch any further expeditions and, after the Abbasid overthrow in 756 at Cordoba, a separate Arab state was established on the Iberian peninsula, even as the Muhallabids were unable to keep Ifriqiya from political fragmentation.
In the east, internal revolts and local dissent led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty. This military expansion era extended the military boundaries of the Islamic world in the pursuit of wealth garnered from booty. The Khariji and Zaidi revolts coupled with mawali dissatisfaction as second class citizens in respect to Arabs created the support base necessary for the Abbasid revolt in 750. The Abbasids were soon involved in numerous Shia revolts and the breakaway of Ifrikiya from the Caliph's authority completely in the case of the Idrisids and Rustamids and nominally under the Aghlabids, under whom muslim rule was extended temporarily to Sicily and mainland Italy before being overrun by the competing Fatimids. The Abbasid caliph, even as he competed for authority with the Fatimid Caliph, also had to devolve greater power to the increasing power of regional rulers. This began the process of fragmentation that soon gave rise to numerous local ruling dynasties who would contend for territory with each other and eventually establish kingdoms and empires and push the boundaries of the muslim world on their own authority, giving rise to Mameluke and Turkic dynasties such as the Seljuks, Khwarezmshahs and the Ayyubids who fought the crusades, as well as the Ghaznavids and Ghorids who conquered India.
In Iberia, Charles Martel's son, Pippin the Younger, retook Narbonne, and his grandson Charlemagne actually established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia, reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801. This formed a permanent buffer zone against Muslims, with Frankish strongholds in Iberia (the Carolingian Empire Spanish Marches), which became the basis, along with the King of Asturias for the Reconquista, spanning 700 year which after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba contested with both the successor taifas as well as the African-based Muslim empires, such as the Almoravids and Almohads, until all of the Muslims were expelled from the Iberian peninsula.
[edit] Conquest of Nubia: 700-1606
After many attempts at military conquest of Nubia (in the North of modern day Sudan) failed, the Arab commander in Egypt concluded the first in a series of regularly renewed treaties known as AlBaqt (pactum) with the Nubians that governed relations between the two peoples for more than six hundred years.
Islam progressed peacefully in the area through intermarriage and contacts with Arab merchants and settlers over a long period of time after the failure of military conquest. In 1315, a Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascended the throne of Dunqulah as king.
During the fifteenth century, the Funj, an indeginous people appeared in southern Nubia and established the Kingdom of Sinnar,also known as As-Saltana az-Zarqa (the Black Sultanate). The kingdom officially converted to Islam in 1523 and by 1606 it had supplanted the old christian kingdom of Alwa (Alodia) and controlled an area spreading over the Northern and Central regions of modern day Sudan thereby becoming the first Islamic Kingdom in Sudan. Their kingdom lasted until 1821.
[edit] Conquest of Italy: 831-902
Main article: History of Islam in southern Italy
The Aghlabids rulers of Ifriqiya under the Abbasids, using present day Tunisia as their launching pad conquered Palermo in 831, Messina in 842, Enna in 859, Syracuse in 878, Catania in 900 and the final Byzantine stronghold, the fortress of Taormina, in 902 setting up emirates in the Italian peninsula.
Berber and Tulunid rebellions quickly led to the rise of the Fatimids taking over Aghalbid territory and Calabria was soon lost to the Byzantine Catapanate of Italy. The Kalbid dynasty administered the Emirate of Sicily for the Fatimids by proxy from 948. By 1053 the dynasty died out in a dynastic struggle and interference from the Berber Zirids of Ifriqiya led to its break down into small fiefdoms which were captured by the Italo-Normans by 1091.
[edit] Conquest of Anatolia: 1060-1360
Main article: Byzantine-Seljuk Wars
The later Abbasid period was mixed with expansion and capture of Crete (840) in the early days, who soon shifted their attention towards the East. During the later fragmentation of the Abbassid rule and the rise of their Shiite rivals the Fatimids and Buyids; a resurgent Byzantine then captured Crete and Cilicia in 961, and soon Cyprus in 965 and pushing into the levant by 975 and successfully contested the Fatimids for influence of the region until the arrival of the Seljuk Turks who first allied with the Abbassid and then ruled as the de facto rulers.
In 1068 Alp Arslan and allied Turkmen tribes invaded the Byzantine regions pushing further into eastern and central Anatolia after a major victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The disintegration of the Seljuk dynasty resulted in the rise of the Turkic kingdoms such as the Danishmends and the Sultanate of Rum and various Atabegs who contested the control of the region during the Crusades and incremently expanded across Anatolia until the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
[edit] Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: 1299-1453
Main article: Byzantine-Ottoman wars
[edit] Further conquests: 1200-1800
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Sahelian kingdom expanded muslim territories far from the coast. Muslim traders spread Islam to kingdoms across Zanj along the east African coast, and to Southeast Asia and the sultanates of Southeast Asia such as those of Mataram and Sulu.
After the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid caliphate, after the Battle of Baghdad, they conquered Muslim lands, but soon converted to Islam, beginning an era of Mongol expansions of Muslim rule into Central Asia under Timur, founder of the Timurid dynasty, and later into the Indian subcontinent under his descendant Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire.
The Modern era saw the rise of three powerful Muslim empires: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire of India; the contest and their fall to the rise of the colonial powers of Europe.