There is no such thing as temporary company visa.

Your comapny may have gotten you a work visa. With the work visa, the company will then apply for a RP for you. Depending on your company, your position, it may take 1 week or 3 months to get your RP.

NOC is only required if you have an RP. It's not applicable to visa.

For work visa, when you leave the country, the work visa is cancelled. Even if the company wants to re-employ you, they need to re-apply all over again.

Now, the tricky part is that when your work visa is cancelled, your company can inform the immigration to blacklist you which they normally do. If that's the case, you have to wait for 2 years too. The only way to overcome this is that your new employer is powerful enough to influence the immigration but then you must be a key personnel for your new company to do that.

After this, if you are from a country that Qatar allows visit visa on arrival, you can still come and get it but it will be for 7 days.

If not, wait for 2 years.