if the company is arranging your business visa, you won't be able to get any resident permit unless they apply an employment visa for you, once you arrive in qatar.

Resident permit is specific to one company, once you get your employment visa, they will proceed with your medical and finger print, after finger print you will get your resident permit showing your name and sponsor name with other information in your Qatar ID, and in passport.

you have to obtain an NOC to transfer sponsorship, or in case of employment less than a year you will have to obtain Secondment.